QUESTION OF CELL AND CELL DIVISION

• Describe the difference between mitotic and meiotic cell division. 07,06
• Write down the function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 02,03,04,05,06.
• What are the types of cell division? Describe different parts of mitosis. 03,04,05
• Describe prophase 1 of first mitotic cell division. 04
• Draw and label of a typical human cell. 02
• Write short note on Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. 01
• What is cell? 01
• Write a short note on nucleus. 07
• Write a short note on cell membrane. 07
• Give the difference between organelles and inclusion bodies. 07
• What are the events of cell division? What do you mean by amitosis? 07

Short note on Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus:

 
Golgi complex is smooth surfaced, closely packed intercommucating membrane bounded cisternae which are arranged in stack between the nucleus and the apical end of the cell.

• Packaging and shipping of proteins (secretory granules and transport vesicles)
• Important in the glycosylation, sulfating, phosphorylation.
• Membrane renewal
• Synthesis of Lysosomes







Endoplasmic reticulum:

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough ER) and ribosome free (smooth ER) regions. Endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm", and reticulum means "little net".

Types: two types

1. Rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum
    
• Ribosomes make it rough ER
• Protein synthesis
• Ribosomes located on surface

2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Lipid synthesis
• No ribosomes
  
  

RER is present in cells specialized for protein secration, such as

·        pancreatic acinar cells

·        fibroblasts (collagen)

·        plasma cells

The ER modifies proteins (i.e. glycosylation), makes macromolecules, and transfers substances throughout the cell.

PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE

Short note on cell membrane.

Cell membrane

The outer surface of every cell is enclosed by an extremely thin, delicate limiting membrane that separates the cytoplasm from its external environment, is called plasma membrane, cell membrane or plasmalemma.

Chemistry & structure: Phospholipids, chemicals & proteins.

Thickness: 7.5-10 nm.

Composition:

• Lipids
• Phospholipids

• Head: hydrophilic
• Tail: hydrophobic
• Form lipid bilayer

• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

§         Carbohydrate component

§         Part of glycocalyx

• Protein

§         Integral membrane proteins

§         Peripheral membrane proteins

§         Some serve as enzymes, ion channels or receptors

§         Glycoproteins

Function of plasma membrane
 

·        Selectively permeable barriern

§         Nutrient in

§         Waste out
 

·        Communication

·        Intercellular connections

·        Physical barrier

LIVER

Largest gland of the body.
Consists of both exocrine and endocrine.
Shape : wedge shaped.
Occupies:
 Left hypochondrium.
 Upper part of epigastrium.
 Part of left hypocondrium up to left lateral plane.
Weight:
• In the male 1.4 kg to 1.8kg.
• In female 1.2kg to 1.8kg.
• At birth 150gm.
 Name the surface, borders and lobes of liver. Show visceral relation of the inferior surface. 03,04,05,06

SURFACE OF LIVER:
The liver has five surfaces. These are-
1) Anterior surface
2) Posterior surface
3) Superior surface
4) Inferior surface and
5) The right surface

BORDER OF LIVER:
Inferior border is sharp anteriorly where it separates the anterior
Surface from the inferior surface.

LOBES OF LIVER:
The liver is divided into right and left lobes by the attachments of the falciform ligament anteriorly and superiorly.

VISCERAL RELATION OF THE INFERIOR SURFACE: nu pp..59

…..BP-290




 What are the supports of liver? What are the true and false ligaments of liver?

SUPPORTS OF LIVER:

(A)Ligaments of liver


 Peritoneal folds-
1. falciform ligament
2. coronary ligament
3. right triangular ligament
4. left triangular ligament
5. lesser omentum

 True ligament-
1. Ligamentum teres hepatics
2. Ligamentum venosome


(B) Others
1. hepatic veins
2. pressure
All this are the supports of liver and help liver to maintain its position.

TRUE LIGAMENT:
Non peritoneal ligaments formed by condensation of fasica, condensation of capsule and embryological remnant.

FALSE LIGAMENT:
Are those which are formed by peritoneum.
1) Falciform ligament
2) Coronary ligament
3) Left triangular ligament
4) Right triangular ligament
5) Lesser omentum

question of anatomy (BHMS, DU)

CELL AND CELL DIVISION

 Describe the difference between mitotic and meotic cell division. 07,06
 Write down the function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 02,03,04,05,06.
 What are the type of cell division? Describe different parts of mitosis. 03,04,05
 Describe prophase 1 of first mitotic cell division. 04
 Draw and label of a typical human cell. 02
 Write short note on Golgi apparatus, end.reti,mito. 01
 What is cell. 01
 Write a short note on nucleus. 07
 What are the events of cell division? What do you mean by amitosis? 07
 Write a short note on cell membrane. 07
 Give the difference between organelles and inclusion bodies. 07


TISSUE AND EPITHELLIUM:

 Describe the characteristic feature of epithelium. 03,04,05,06.
 Name the location of simple columnal epithelium. 02.
 Define classify epithelium with example.
 Describe the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue. 02
 What are the type of tissue. 01
 What do you mean by primary tissue?
BONE

 Draw and level the parts of a growing long bone. Show its artery supply. 02,03,04,05,06
 Write a details the composition of bone. Classify bones with example. 06
 Describe transverse system. 03
 Define bone. What its composition. 07
 What do mean of ossification. Write in brief on different types of ossification. 07
 Write a short note on periosteum? What are the difference between peristeum and endosteum. 07



JOINT

 Classify joint.(describe the characteristic feature of synovial joint). Draw a synovial joint. 03,04,05,06.
 Classify synovial joint according to the shape of articular surface. 03,04,05.
 What is joint? Classify synovial joint. 07

MUSCLE

 What are the difference between skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle? 03,04,05,06.
THORAX

ANTRODUCTION OF THE THORAX

 Give the significance of sternal angle. 02
 Give the boundary of thoracic inlet. What structures passes through the e thoracic inlet? 01,02,03.

THE WALLS OF THE THORAX

 Draw a typical intercostal nerve (with description). 02,03,04,05,06.
 What is intercostal space? What are the content of it?

HEART AND AORTA

 How apex of the heart is formed? 03,05,06.
 Write down the branches of arch of aorta. 02,03,05.
 Write down the coarse of coronary artery ……04,07
 Write the blood supply of heart. 01,02.
 Write in short about arch of aorta. 01



LUNGS

 Define bronchopulmonary segment. Draw and lebel broncal tree. 01,03,04,05,06.
 What are the difference between right and left lung? 01,02,05,06.
 How pyloric sphincter is identified in the living person? 04.
 Write down the structure passing through the hilum of both lung with arrangement before backword. 01
 Draw roots of lungs.

MEDIASTINUM

 What is mediastinum? what is the content of superior mediastinum? 03,04,05,06.
 What are the content of posterior mediastinum? 03,05,07.
 Define and classify and classify mediastinum. 04
 Give a short note on mediastinal syndrome. 07

THORACIC DUCT

 Write a short note on thoracic duct. 07

DIAPHRAGM

 What are the opening in the diaphragm? What structures passes through it? 01,04,05,06,07.
 Write down about major openings of diaphragm. 01.
ABDOMEN:

 Draw the different regions of abdomen. Mention the content of hypochondriac region. 02,03,04,05,06.
 What are the branches of abdominal aorta? 06
 Mention the content of hypochondriac region. 03

ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

 Give the formation and content of rectus sheath.
 Give the formation of posterior wall of rectus sheath give its contents.
 What are the contents of spermatic cord?

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

 Draw and label lumber plexus.07

STOMACH

 What is stomach bed? Describe artery supply stomach with diagram. 01,02,03,04,05,06
 What are the different parts of stomach? 02
 What is stomach bed? How it is formed? 01,07
 Give the blood supply of stomach? 07

INTESTINE

 Write down the microscopic and macroscoping difference of large and small intestine. 02,03,06,07.

KIDNEY

 Draw and label different parts of nephron. Draw the anterior relation of both kidneys. 02,03,04,05,06.
 What are the functional of kidney?
LIVER:

 Name the surface, borders and lobes of liver. Show visceral relation of the inferior surface. 03,04,05,06
 What are the supports of liver. What are the true and false ligament of liver?

GALL BLADDER: BP-275

 Give the formation and opening of bile duct. 02,03,04,05,06.


PANCREASE

 Give the relation of posterior surface of the body of pancrease.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM B-31,P-353 M-53

 Draw and level different parts of female reproductive organ. 02,03,04,05,06

URETHRA

 What are the parts of male urethra? Give its lining epithelium. 02

UTERUS

 Write down the support of uterus. 07

LOWER LIMB /IFERIOR EXTREMITIES

 Write the boundary and contents of femoral triangle. 04
 Write down the sciatic nerve. 04
 Describe in brief different layers of sole of foot. 07
 Draw and label femoral triangle with its principle contents. 07
 Write a short note on iliotibial tract. 07

HIP JOINT

 Name the ligament of hip joint . what muscle produce ….. at hip hoint. 03,05
 Give a short note on hip joint. 07



SHORT NOTE

 Sutures 06
 Transpyloric plane 02,03,04,05,06.
 Mc burney’s point 02,03,04,05,06.
 Volkman’s canal 06
 Islets of langerhans 04,05,06.
 Chromosome 03,04,05.
 The mesentery 05January 3, 2010
 Femoral seath 04
 Spermatic cord 02
 Portal vain 01
 Male urethra 01
 fallopian tube 01

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